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Rising of the North
The Rising of the North of 1569, also called the Revolt of the Northern Earls or Northern Rebellion, was an unsuccessful attempt by Catholic nobles from Northern England to depose Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
==Background==
When Elizabeth I succeeded her sister Mary as Queen of England in 1558, her accession was disputed due to the disputed legitimacy of the marriage of the Queen's parents - Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Opponents of Elizabeth turned to Mary, Queen of Scots, as the descendant of Henry's sister Margaret Tudor. The claims were initially put forward by Mary's father-in-law, King Henry II of France, but Mary upheld them after her return to Scotland in 1561.
Many English Catholics, then a significant portion of the population, supported Mary's claim as a means of relief from religious persecution. This position was especially strong in Northern England, where several powerful nobles were Catholics; there had been similar risings against Henry VIII; the Pilgrimage of Grace of 1536 and Bigod's Rebellion of 1537. Supporters of Mary hoped for aid from France (among Scots) and possibly Spain (among English). Mary's position was strengthened by the birth of her son, James, in 1566 but weakened again when she was deposed in July 1567.
This was especially difficult and a sign of desperation for the conspirators, when it meant a choice between faith and patriotism, for most of the English involved had ancestral pride in enforcing sovereignty as well as the Province of York over the Scots, whose Auld Alliance with France threatened England south of the Humber. Special care was taken to introduce an English peer as suitor for king consort, so that the Scots would not presume too much about the arrangement; King Henry VIII previously barred Margaret Tudor's descendants for fear of losing leverage and control over Scotland. This, like the proposed marriage between King Edward VI and Mary Stuart, failed, and the worst fears came true when Lord Darnley, although raised at Temple Newsam by the supposed English party of Scottish exiles, came to found the new House of Stuart descended from Lords d'Aubigny, a line of ardent soldiers for Scotland in France, against England. This as much as Mary's joint rule with Francis II of France, and the Secret Treaty of Dover eventually led to Jacobitism, and English Catholics could not feel proud to associate with the "Auld Enemy" under such conditions. The unpalatable conditions for conspiracy, Gunpowder Plot a lone exception (because it would have undone the Protestant Scottish succession), were to be made further maddening by the Spanish Armada. Most Catholics distrusted the Jesuits and grudgingly accepted the Royal Supremacy; they were to provide the backbone of King Charles I's forces in the Bishops' Wars, both to oppose the proliferation of Calvinism in Northumbria by the Knox and Bowes intermarriage, and the Covenanters as well as to reinforce Anglocentric policies in the Scottish Lowlands.
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